OOP concepts(class) and programming paradigm in java

Features of java:

OOPS:

• OOPs in Java stands for Object-Oriented Programming System.
• It is a programming paradigm that organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic.
• Instead of writing a long list of sequential instructions (procedural programming), Java uses OOPs to break down a program into smaller, reusable pieces that mirror real-world entities.

Characteristics of OOP:

Class:

• A Class in Java is a blueprint or template used to create objects.
• It defines the properties (data) and behaviors (methods) that objects of that class will have.

Object:

• An Object in Java is an instance of a class that represents a real-world entity.
• It is used to access the variables and methods defined inside a class.

Abstraction:

• Abstraction in Java is the process of hiding implementation details and showing only the essential features of an object.
• It helps users focus on what an object does rather than how it does it.

Encapsulation:

• Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data and methods into a single unit, usually a class, and restricting direct access to the data.
• It acts as a protective shield that prevents data from being accessed directly from outside the class.

Inheritance:

• Inheritance is a core OOP concept in Java that allows one class to acquire the fields and methods of another class using the extends keyword.
• It represents an “is-a” relationship between classes. ** Polymorphism:**
• Polymorphism means “many forms”, where a single entity can behave differently in different situations.
• In Java, it allows the same method or object to show different behavior based on context.

POP:

Procedural-oriented programming (POP) is a programming style where a computer program is built as a set of step-by-step instructions, routines, and functions that execute in a clear, linear order.

Difference between oop and pop:

Class:

• In Java, a class is a blueprint, template, or prototype used to create objects.
• It is a user-defined data type that groups related data (variables) and behaviors (methods) together into a single logical unit.

Core Components of a Class:

A well-defined Java class typically contains:
Fields (Attributes): Variables that represent the state or properties of the class.
Methods (Behaviors): Functions that define what actions the class can perform.
Constructors: Special blocks of code used to initialize newly created objects.

Conditions for creating classes:

1. Create class with meaningful names.
2. Class name starts with uppercase.
3. No space is allowed.
4. No special character is allowed except underscore and dollar symbol.
5. Numbers are allowed in mid and end.

Programming Paradigm:

• Java is a multi-paradigm programming language, meaning it is not restricted to just one style of coding.
• While it was originally engineered as a strict Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language, it has evolved significantly over the years to embrace functional, generic, and concurrent programming models.

Here is the short breakdown of its key paradigms:

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): The primary model. Everything is structured around classes and objects using concepts like inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.
Functional Programming: Introduced in Java 8. It uses Lambda expressions and the Streams API to write clean, declarative, and loop-free code.
Imperative / Procedural: The traditional step-by-step approach using loops (for, while) and conditionals (if-else) to explicitly control state.
Generic Programming: Uses type parameters (like ) to create reusable and type-safe code for different data types.
Concurrent Programming: Supports multithreading (and modern virtual threads) to run multiple tasks at the same time efficiently.

Difference between imperative and declarative paradigm: