The tomato labelled "Made in Italy" may have started its journey in Xinjiang — and that is completely legal
Italy is synonymous with canned tomatoes. San Marzano peeled tomatoes, Napoli concentrate, passata di pomodoro — they are global culinary references. But there is a secret the labels do not tell: a significant portion of the tomato concentrate canned in Italy arrives as imported paste from China (EIU 2.12).
China is the world's second-largest industrial tomato producer, behind the US. Seventy percent of Chinese tomato production is concentrated in Xinjiang — the same region where the Chinese government maintains internment camps for the Uyghur minority. Investigations by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) and Sheffield Hallam University have documented that forced Uyghur labour is implicated in Xinjiang's agricultural chain, including tomato harvesting.
When that tomato paste arrives in Italy and is canned under an Italian label, it is legal. European regulations allow "Italian origin" labelling if the product was substantially transformed there. Chinese concentrated paste enters as a raw material, not as a finished product.
This article explains how to identify canned tomatoes with genuinely democratic origin.
The problem: Xinjiang tomato paste and Uyghur forced labour
In 2021, Sheffield Hallam University published "Laundering Cotton" (on Xinjiang cotton) and documented the tomato problem in parallel. Thirty-five percent of tomato paste exported from China to Italy comes from Xinjiang according to 2022–2023 supply chain analysis.
The problem multiplies through the processing chain:
— Chinese concentrated paste enters Italy as an industrial ingredient (not as "peeled tomatoes" — where rules are clearer).
— Italian factories mix it with Italian tomatoes or use it directly for Italian-branded sauces and concentrates.
— The final product is labelled "Made in Italy" or with images of Italian landscapes.
Leading brands identified in Italian consumer organisation investigations (Altroconsumo, 2023): some supermarket white-label products in Italy and Spain using Chinese tomato concentrate. Premium Italian tomato brands (Mutti, Cirio, La Valle) have published statements claiming exclusive use of Italian tomatoes — but without externally verifiable audits in all cases.
Spain (8.13) — Extremadura and Badajoz produce 90% of Spanish industrial tomatoes. Extremaduran cooperatives (ACYRE, Conesa) have direct field traceability. Spain is Europe's second-largest industrial tomato producer.
The democratic countries producing traceable tomatoes
Italy (7.67) — The DOP San Marzano dell'Agro Sarnese-Nocerino is the highest designation of origin for Italian peeled tomatoes. Only San Marzano tomatoes grown in the volcanic area of Campania can carry that seal. Cooperatives in the Sarnese-Nocerino area have full traceability to the farmer.
Spain (8.13) — Extremadura and Navarre tomato cooperatives have fully traceable supply chains and publish their audits. Extremaduran crushed tomato and passata have less international renown than Italian, but the democratic chain is impeccable.
US (7.85) — California produces 95% of American processed tomatoes (mainly in the San Joaquin Valley). Companies such as Muir Glen and Hunt's publish tomato origin to county level. California tomatoes are one of the most traceable food raw materials in the world.
Portugal (7.90) — Ribatejo and Alentejo produce industrial tomatoes through cooperatives with European traceability certifications.
How to identify canned tomatoes with democratic origin
Signs of genuinely democratic origin:
— DOP San Marzano: the clearest indicator of authentic Italian tomato. Look for the DOP serial number on the label.
— "100% pomodoro italiano" with cooperative or farmer name: premium Italian brands (Mutti, La Valle) explicitly declare Italian origin.
— "Tomate de Extremadura" or "Origine Spain": Spanish brands with regional origin declaration.
— USDA Organic + California grown: for American tomatoes.
Risk signals:
— Very low-price tomato concentrate without origin indication.
— Italian-brand white-label sauces without tomato base origin declaration.
— "Prepared in Italy" (≠ "Italian tomatoes").
The best options in 2026 with a democratic supply chain
Mutti Polpa / Pelati — Italy (7.67). Italy's largest tomato company, headquartered in Parma. Explicitly declares "100% pomodoro italiano." Tomatoes sourced from Italian farmers with direct contracts. Price: €1.50–3.50 per 400 g can.
DOP San Marzano dell'Agro (various brands) — Italy (7.67). The PDO seal guarantees 100% Campanian origin with full traceability. Price: €2.50–5 per can.
La Valle — Italy (7.67). Family company from Campania, San Marzano and Piennolo cherry tomatoes with PDO. Price: €3–6 per can.
Conesa Extremadura — Spain (8.13). Extremaduran cooperative, 100% Spanish crushed tomatoes and concentrate. Price: €0.80–1.50. The most accessible option with verified democratic chain.
Muir Glen Organic — US (7.85). Organic tomatoes from California's San Joaquin Valley. USDA Organic certified, declared origin. Price: €2–4.
Cirio Peeled Tomatoes — Italy (7.67). While it has international production, its premium peeled tomato line declares Italian origin. Price: €1.20–2.50.
The Xinjiang tomato in your Bolognese sauce
There is something profoundly contradictory about an Italian kitchen — with its emphasis on terroir, origin, and denomination — potentially using tomatoes harvested by forced workers in Xinjiang to fill jars bearing the Italian flag.
It is not inevitable. Mutti has chosen differently. Extremaduran cooperatives too. Democratic-origin tomatoes exist, are accessible, and most of the time are also better.
Democratic Market lists only canned tomatoes with verified origin in countries with an EIU score above 6.0. Because pasta al pomodoro can also have a clean history.
This article was originally published at Democratic Market. Read the full version with additional analysis on our site.
