The problem isn't the model. It's the data layer.
Every production agent system I've seen hit the same wall, and it's never the LLM.
It's the database.
The standard enterprise data stack looks something like this: a transactional database (Postgres, Oracle, MySQL) for operational writes, a warehouse (Snowflake, Databricks, Redshift) for analytical queries, a vector store (Pinecone, Weaviate, pgvector) for embeddings — all stitched together with CDC pipelines, ETL jobs, and enough custom orchestration code to keep three data engineers employed indefinitely.
For humans making occasional queries, that architecture mostly holds. Humans are slow. A 15-minute pipeline lag is annoying. It's not a correctness problem.
For AI agents, a 15-minute lag means acting on a world that no longer exists. An agent evaluating a fraud signal on data that's 12 minutes stale isn't hallucinating. It's reasoning correctly on incorrect information. That's a data architecture problem, not a model problem.
Why agents break this architecture specifically
Agents don't browse your data. They hammer it.
A production deployment isn't one agent making thoughtful queries. It's hundreds or thousands of agent instances reading, writing, and reasoning simultaneously. Each one needs:
- Live transactional state, what is the current account balance, order status, session record?
- Analytical context, what patterns exist across 18 months of behavioral history?
- Semantic similarity, does this situation match anything we've seen before?
In a fragmented stack, those are three separate systems with three separate consistency models. Getting all three to reflect the same moment in time requires cross-system transactions that don't exist. You're not just dealing with pipeline lag. You're dealing with fundamental consistency gaps between systems that were never designed to coordinate.
The fraud detection use case makes this concrete. An agent needs to evaluate a live transaction (OLTP), compare it to behavioral history and velocity metrics (OLAP), and match it against known fraud pattern embeddings (Vector), all in a window measured in milliseconds. In a fragmented stack, by the time data moves between systems, the authorization window has already closed.
The triangle problem and why it was unsolvable until recently
People have tried to solve this before. Every attempt runs into what we internally call the triangle problem: when you're designing a distributed database, you're constantly making tradeoffs between speed (transaction throughput), scale (data volume and concurrency), and efficiency (cost per operation). Optimize hard for two, and the third suffers.
Traditional HTAP systems tried to bridge OLTP and OLAP by maintaining separate row-store and column-store replicas in the same system. It works, up to a point. But "the same system" often means two engines with an internal sync mechanism — which is a pipeline, just a shorter one. And vector search is usually bolted on after the fact, not integrated into the core execution model.
The storage and concurrency model is what determines whether you can actually close the triangle. Most distributed databases treat storage as a solved problem and focus on compute and consensus. RegattaDB took the opposite approach — rethinking the storage layer first, then building a concurrency control protocol that doesn't require distributed locks, consistent snapshots, or clock synchronization.
The practical consequence: read-only analytical queries never block writing transactions. Concurrent OLTP and OLAP workloads share the same compute. And the cluster-wide resource pooling means you don't overprovision per-node for peak demand — the whole cluster handles spikes, so you need roughly 15% headroom instead of the ~75% that conventional databases hold in reserve per server.
What this looks like under real load
Two benchmarks are worth understanding, because they're specifically designed to test the claims that matter for agent workloads.
The TPC-C run: 750,000+ transactions per second, sustained across a 50-node GCP cluster at 1.5 million TPC-C warehouses, at 98% tpmC efficiency. This is a contention run under real mixed load — not a peak score on a clean dataset. Full CPU, I/O, and latency data is published.
The 20-billion-row JOIN: Two tables of 10 billion rows each, randomly distributed across 50 nodes, no indexes, no data co-location, no sharding on the join key. The JOIN completed while executing 50,000 ACID-compliant updates per second concurrently on the same data. On standard cloud hardware. No tuning.
The second benchmark specifically tests the "OLTP and OLAP simultaneously" claim. Most databases can execute a large JOIN. Most can handle concurrent transactional writes. Very few can do both at scale on the same live data without either the analytical query degrading or the transactional writes losing consistency guarantees.
What this actually changes for agent architectures
If you're designing an agent system today, the data layer decisions you make now have long-term consequences.
Every agent workload you add to a fragmented stack adds more pipelines to maintain, more schema drift to manage, and more failure modes to debug. That overhead compounds. The architecture that works for three agents starts to crack at three hundred.
A unified data layer, where OLTP, OLAP, and vector search run in the same engine against the same live data — isn't primarily a cost play (though the TCO numbers are real: 50–70% infrastructure footprint reduction, 50–60% license cost reduction). It's an architectural foundation question. Does your data layer scale agent capability, or constrain it?
The organizations getting ahead on agent systems aren't deploying the most agents. They're the ones who resolved this question at the infrastructure layer before it became a production incident.
The boring operational truth
Multi-agent systems introduce a class of data problem most teams haven't encountered before: hundreds of agents reading and writing the same records simultaneously. Traditional databases handle this within a single node. Distributed agent workloads break those guarantees unless the concurrency model was specifically designed for them.
That's not a scary problem. It's a solvable one. But it requires knowing the problem exists before you're debugging race conditions in production at 3am.
If you're mapping out the data layer for an agent system and want to dig into the architecture or the benchmarks in more detail, the full technical write-ups are at regatta.dev/blog.The concurrency control post in particular is worth reading if you care about how serializable isolation actually works at distributed scale — no locks, no snapshots, no clock sync required.
