Originally published at pokerhack.org
Introduction and Definition
Range construction is the deliberate process of specifying a set of hands you may play from a given position, facing a specific action, with the aim of balancing your perceived holdings and maintaining EV integrity across the full spectrum of opponent responses. In practice, it means defining a preflop portfolio that accommodates opens, jams, squeezes, and 3-bets in a cohesive framework rather than relying on ad hoc hand selection. The core objective is to achieve distributional balance so that you remain unpredictable, exploitative only when warranted, and resilient to opponents who adapt to your patterns.
From a methodological standpoint, robust range construction combines combinatorial reasoning, solver-informed sizing, and population-level equities to ensure that your actions lead to a coherent postflop narrative. This article presents a structured approach to building balanced preflop ranges, with emphasis on position, stack depth, and opposing tendencies. We will quantify ranges, discuss sizing logic, and outline concrete constructions you can adapt to multiple formats and table textures.
Core Content: Foundations of Balanced Preflop Ranges
1) Position-aware segmentation. The backbone of a balanced preflop strategy is to differentiate ranges by button, cutoff, hijack, and blinds, then map these segments to plausible postflop lines. Typical structures incorporate: (a) wide but controlled opening ranges from plus-one positions, (b) defend-heavy ranges on the big blind that include suited connectors and broadways to maintain postflop equity, and (c) polarizing distribution on steals to leverage fold equity without becoming exploitable. The math shows that in equilibrium, position-based density shifts preserve implied odds and prevent predictable polarity shifts that opponents can exploit.
2) Stack-depth and effective stacks. As stacks shorten, the balance of your range should gradually shift towards higher-frequency premiums and more compact defending mixes. EV-wise, a 100bb stack supports a broader, yet still calibrated, range envelope than 50bb; solver benchmarks consistently reveal that mis-sizing by even 5–7% of pot can tilt fold equity and call-down frequencies in predictable directions across boards.
3) Frequency management and convergence. Balanced ranges are not static; they converge toward a target distribution of value, bluffs, and semi-bluffs that preserves structural patterns under pressure. The aim is to maintain a stable bet-level ecology—where the mix of 2.0x to 3.0x pot bets aligns with both preflop ranges and typical postflop board textures—so opponents cannot deduce your holdings from bet size alone.
4) Hand categories and connectivity. Construction relies on modular components: value hands, strong draws, medium draws, and air. Each category is assigned a target frequency within each range segment, enabling you to reconstruct your holdings with precision for any given street. The math shows that well-calibrated categories improve postflop EV by reducing marginal misclassifications and increasing fold equity when facing aggression.
5) Exploitative guardrails. While the objective is balance, you must still adapt to table dynamics. Balanced preflop ranges incorporate controlled deviations that exploit observed opponent tendencies (e.g., high-frequency 3-bets versus passivity) without collapsing into a single exploitative pattern that opponents can memorize. The structural patterns across games imply a disciplined framework is essential for robust long-run profitability.
Core Content: Practical Range Architecture and Sizing
Design a modular range architecture that translates into executable preflop lines. Start with a base matrix for each position, then add secondary lines for common opponent actions. For example, from the CO with 100bb effective stacks: open 25% of hands, defend 18% vs 2.2x raises, and 3-bet 11% with a balanced mix of value and suited connectors. The postflop continuation depends on board texture; plan c-bet frequencies in the 60–75% range on dry boards and 25–45% on wet boards, adjusting for pot odds and SPR (stack-to-pot ratio) constraints.
6 practical components to implement: (a) a well-structured player-friendly range tree, (b) a sizing protocol anchored to SPR bands, (c) a sequencing plan that harmonizes opening, defense, and 3-bet frequencies, (d) a postflop continuation strategy linked to your preflop equity, and (e) a keep-out zone where you avoid over-activation of marginal holdings. The objective is to maintain consistent EV across an array of opponent responses, not to chase isolated spots.
Concrete examples include: from the SB with 100bb, open 22% of hands, including suited connectors and all top-tier broadways; defend 16% versus raises, prioritizing blockers and backdoor straight potential; sizable polar bets on flop with value and some bluffs, calibrated to opponent call frequencies. Solver outputs indicate th
Read the full analysis: Range Construction: Balanced Preflop Strategies for Pros (2026)
