A fundamental software application operates on a client-server architecture, driven by a request-response cycle. The client (typically a web browser or mobile application) initiates a request, and the server processes it to return a response.
1. How the Client Finds the Server (DNS)
Every client and server on the internet is assigned a unique identifier called an Internet Protocol (IP) address (e.g., 192.0.2.1). Because memorizing strings of numbers is impractical for humans, the internet relies on Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) like www.example.com.
To translate a human-readable domain name into an IP address, the client queries the Domain Name System (DNS). The DNS acts as the phonebook of the internet, resolving the domain name and returning the correct IP address so the client can route its traffic to the target server.
2. Communicating via HTTP
Once the IP address is known, the client communicates with the server using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)—a standardized set of rules for transferring data across the web.
HTTP utilizes specific methods to define the nature of the request:
- GET: Retrieves a specified resource from the server.
- POST: Submits data to create a new resource.
- PUT: Updates an entire existing resource, replacing it completely.
- PATCH: Applies partial modifications to a resource.
- DELETE: Removes the specified resource.
3. Data Exchange Formats
Data transmitted via HTTP must follow a mutually understood structure. The industry standard for modern web applications is JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) due to its lightweight and human-readable format.
When fetching data, a server response might look like this:
{
"id": 123,
"name": "David",
"age": 27,
"purchases": ["bread", "cake"]
}
4. Moving Data to a Dedicated Database
In enterprise applications, storing persistent data directly on the application server is highly discouraged. Doing so creates a stateful server, making scaling and maintenance incredibly difficult. Instead, state is offloaded to a dedicated database server designed for efficient data storage, retrieval, and processing.
Databases generally fall into two major categories:
Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS): Data is organized into strict tables consisting of rows and columns. These systems utilize Structured Query Language (SQL) and allow complex relational mapping via joins. Examples include PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.
Non-Relational Databases (NoSQL): These systems abandon the rigid tabular model in favor of flexible schemas optimized for specific access patterns. They are categorized into document stores (MongoDB), key-value stores (Redis), graph databases (Neo4j), and wide-column stores (Cassandra).
Summary of the Lifecycle
When a user interacts with a website, the browser resolves the domain via DNS, formats an HTTP request containing necessary parameters or JSON payloads, and hits the server. The server processes the business logic, queries the database to read or write data, and returns the final payload back to the client as an HTTP response.
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