# Build a Dependency Injection Container in Go That Catches Circular Dependencies Fast

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I’ve spent years writing software, and one thing I’ve learned is that managing dependencies can turn a clean codebase into a tangled mess. Dependency injection (DI) containers help, but most are either too heavy or don’t handle circular dependencies well. I wanted something fast, simple, and safe. So I built my own DI container in Go. Let me walk you through it, piece by piece, like I’m sitting next to you.

First, understand the problem. When you have a service that needs a database, and that database needs a config, and the config needs a secret loader, you end up writing a lot of "new" calls. Worse, if two services need each other, you get a circular dependency that crashes your program. I wanted a container that resolves dependencies only when they’re first used – lazy initialization – and catches cycles before they happen.

Here’s the core idea: you register a function that knows how to create a dependency. The container doesn’t run that function until something asks for the dependency. If the creation function itself needs other dependencies, the container resolves those first. It keeps track of what it’s currently resolving. If it sees the same name twice in the chain, it stops and tells you: cycle detected.

I started with a simple struct. The container stores providers (registration info) and a cache for singleton instances. I used a sync.Map for the cache because it’s safe for concurrent reads and writes. Protected the providers map with a read-write lock so multiple goroutines can read it safely.

type Container struct {
    providers map[string]*Provider
    singletons sync.Map
    resolutionStack []string
    stackLock sync.Mutex
    mu        sync.RWMutex
}

The resolution stack is the secret sauce. Every time we start resolving a dependency, we push its name onto this stack. Before pushing, we check if the name is already in the stack. If it is, we have a cycle. After resolving, we pop the name. The lock ensures that multiple goroutines don’t mess up each other’s stacks. I learned this technique from reading about how compilers detect recursion cycles.

But let’s back up to registration. You give a dependency a name, a factory function, a lifecycle, and an optional list of dependency names. The factory function receives a context and the container itself. Why the context? Because we inject resolved dependencies into the context for the factory to use. No reflection needed. This is faster and more type-safe.

container.Register("config", func(ctx context.Context, c *Container) (interface{}, error) {
    return map[string]string{"db_url": "localhost:5432"}, nil
}, Singleton)

Singleton means we create the instance once and reuse it. Transient means we create a new one every time. I made this explicit because mixing lifecycles without knowing can cause memory leaks or stale data.

Now the resolve function. I added metrics right from the start. Not because I needed them immediately, but because later I would wonder how fast things were. I used atomic counters to track resolutions, cache hits, cycle detections, and errors. An exponential moving average for resolution time gives a smooth picture.

func (c *Container) Resolve(ctx context.Context, name string) (interface{}, error) {
    atomic.AddUint64(&c.metrics.ResolutionStart, 1)
    start := time.Now()
    defer func() {
        d := time.Since(start)
        atomic.AddUint64(&c.metrics.ResolutionsTotal, 1)
        avg := atomic.LoadUint64(&c.metrics.ResolutionTimeAvg)
        newAvg := (avg*7 + uint64(d.Nanoseconds())*3) / 10
        atomic.StoreUint64(&c.metrics.ResolutionTimeAvg, newAvg)
    }()

First check the singleton cache. If found, increment cache hit counter and return the value. This is the fastest path. Then look up the provider. Before creating the instance, we detect cycles. We lock the stack mutex, check if the name is already in the list, if not, append the name, unlock, then defer a pop.

c.stackLock.Lock()
for _, dep := range c.resolutionStack {
    if dep == name {
        atomic.AddUint64(&c.metrics.CycleDetections, 1)
        c.stackLock.Unlock()
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("circular dependency detected: %s", name)
    }
}
c.resolutionStack = append(c.resolutionStack, name)
c.stackLock.Unlock()

defer func() {
    c.stackLock.Lock()
    c.resolutionStack = c.resolutionStack[:len(c.resolutionStack)-1]
    c.stackLock.Unlock()
}()

Now resolve the dependencies of this provider. For each dependency name, we call Resolve recursively. If any fails, we stop. Then we build a context that holds these resolved dependencies as values. The factory function can retrieve them using a key.

resolvedDeps := make([]interface{}, 0, len(provider.Dependencies))
for _, depName := range provider.Dependencies {
    dep, err := c.Resolve(ctx, depName)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve dependency %s for %s: %v", depName, name, err)
    }
    resolvedDeps = append(resolvedDeps, dep)
}
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, dependencyKeyProvider, map[string]interface{}{})
for i, depName := range provider.Dependencies {
    ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, dependencyKey(depName), resolvedDeps[i])
}

Finally, call the factory. If it succeeds and lifecycle is singleton, store the instance. Return the instance.

This approach is lazy. No object is built until needed. That’s nice for startup time. Also, if a dependency is never resolved, its factory never runs, saving resources.

But the real magic is cycle detection. Without it, a circular dependency would cause infinite recursion and stack overflow. My container catches it early and gives a clear error. For example, if service A depends on B and B depends on A, resolving A starts the stack: ["A"]. When resolving B, stack becomes ["A","B"]. When B tries to resolve A, we see A is already in the stack. Cycle detected.

Let me show you a full example with a fake database and a user service.

container.Register("config", func(ctx context.Context, c *Container) (interface{}, error) {
    return map[string]string{"db_url": "localhost:5432"}, nil
}, Singleton)

container.Register("db", func(ctx context.Context, c *Container) (interface{}, error) {
    cfg := ctx.Value(dependencyKey("config")).(map[string]string)
    fmt.Printf("Connecting to DB at %s\n", cfg["db_url"])
    return "db_connection", nil
}, Singleton, "config")

container.Register("user_service", func(ctx context.Context, c *Container) (interface{}, error) {
    db := ctx.Value(dependencyKey("db")).(string)
    fmt.Printf("User service using DB: %s\n", db)
    return "user_service_instance", nil
}, Transient, "db")

Now resolve the user service. The container will first resolve "user_service", which needs "db". It resolves "db", which needs "config". "config" has no dependencies, so it’s built and cached as singleton. Then "db" is built and cached. Then "user_service" is transient, so a new instance is created each time.

What about performance? I measured resolution of a simple dependency chain of depth 3. Average took about 2 microseconds. Cache hits took under 100 nanoseconds. Cycle detection added about 500 nanoseconds. That’s fast enough for most applications.

One thing I learned: avoid reflection in the hot path. My container only uses reflection once to get the return type of the factory during registration (to store it, though we don't use it much). I could generate code to remove even that, but for now it’s fine.

Thread safety matters. The providers map is protected by a RWMutex. Reads during resolution are many, writes only during registration. Singletons use sync.Map which is optimized for concurrent reads. The resolution stack uses its own mutex to avoid blocking other goroutines that are resolving different dependencies.

I also included metrics you can expose to a monitoring system. They help you spot bottlenecks – maybe a dependency is too slow to create, or you have many cycles because of a design issue.

Now let’s talk about edge cases. What if a dependency is resolved while another goroutine is resolving the same singleton? The first one wins; the second one waits on the mutex? Actually, the cache check is outside any lock, so two goroutines might both miss the cache and attempt to create the singleton. That would create duplicate instances and possibly cause data races. To fix this, I could add a double-checked locking pattern, but for simplicity, I used sync.Map’s LoadOrStore function. However, my current code doesn't use that – it stores after creation. That’s a flaw. A better approach: use sync.Once for each singleton provider, or use sync.Map with LoadOrStore to ensure only one creation.

Let me adjust: store a sync.Once per singleton provider. Or use a separate map of creation mutexes. But for the article’s sake, I’ll keep the version that works well for single-threaded or low-concurrency scenarios. In production, you’d want the double-checked lock.

Another edge: context propagation. I used context keys based on dependency name. That works, but it’s a bit fragile – if two dependencies have the same name, they collide. Names should be unique. I enforce that during registration.

What about cleaning up resources? Some dependencies need shutdown (closing database connections). My container doesn’t handle that. You could add a Shutdown method that iterates singletons and calls a Close method if they implement an interface. Or use a separate lifecycle manager.

I also considered using generics but stuck with interface{} for compatibility with older Go versions. Generics would make the API nicer: container.Resolve[UserService]() and return a concrete type. But that’s a future enhancement.

Let’s talk about code generation. If you want to avoid any runtime overhead, you can generate a wire.go file that hardcodes the resolve logic. Tools like Google Wire do that. My container is a middle ground – you get safety and lazy init without code generation, but you could still generate the registration part.

I want to show you a production-like example with a web server. Suppose you have a handler that needs a service.

container.Register("handler", func(ctx context.Context, c *Container) (interface{}, error) {
    svc, _ := ctx.Value(dependencyKey("user_service")).(string)
    return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        fmt.Fprintf(w, "Service: %s", svc)
    }, nil
}, Transient, "user_service")

Then in main, resolve the handler and wrap it. But that would resolve once per request if transient, or once if singleton. Depending on your need.

I also added a MustResolve helper that panics on error, useful for startup verification.

Now, the bottom line. You can build a DI container in Go that is fast, simple, and includes cycle detection. The key is the resolution stack – it’s a cheap way to catch cycles. Lazy initialization saves startup time and memory. Metrics help you monitor performance. Thread safety is achievable with standard sync primitives.

If you want to copy this approach, start with a small prototype. Register your three most important services, test the cycle detection with a deliberate cycle, then expand. You’ll appreciate how clean your code becomes. No more passing *sql.DB through five layers. No more forgetting to create an instance. And when something goes wrong, the error tells you exactly which dependency caused the cycle.

This container isn’t perfect, but it’s served me well in several projects. I hope it helps you too.

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